1、 What issues should be noted when applying chemical fertilizers

1. It is not advisable to water urea immediately after use. Urea based soluble fertilizers have strong mobility and are prone to loss. After spraying urea on dry land, it is important not to water immediately or apply it before heavy rain.

2. Ammonium bicarbonate should not be applied on the soil surface. Ammonium bicarbonate has strong volatility and is prone to burning seedlings. Therefore, it is not advisable to apply ammonium bicarbonate on the surface, but to apply it deep in the hole and cover it with soil after application.

3. Ammonium bicarbonate should not be applied in greenhouses and greenhouses. Ammonium bicarbonate, also known as "gas fertilizer", is easily decomposed into ammonia gas when applied in greenhouses and greenhouses.

4. Do not mix ammonium nitrogen fertilizer with alkaline fertilizer. Ammonium nitrogen fertilizers such as ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium phosphate can cause nitrogen loss when exposed to alkaline substances. Avoid volatilization with alkaline fertilizers such as plant ash, kiln ash, and potassium fertilizer. Mixed application of lime and nitrogen.

5. Do not apply nitrate nitrogen fertilizer in rice fields. The nitrate ions dissociated from nitrate nitrogen fertilizers such as ammonium carbonate are easily leached by water into deep soil layers in paddy fields, leading to denitrification and nitrogen loss.

6. Ammonium sulfate should not be used for a long time. Ammonium sulfate is a physiologically acidic fertilizer that damages the physical structure of soil. Long term application in alkaline soil can also cause the soil to become compacted and stiff due to the reaction between residual sulfate ions and calcium in the soil.

7. Phosphate fertilizer should not be applied in a dispersed manner. Phosphorus has low mobility and is easily absorbed and fixed by soil, reducing fertilizer efficiency. When applying phosphorus fertilizer, the contact area between phosphorus fertilizer and soil should be reduced, and trench or hole application should be adopted, with concentrated application near the roots of crops.

8. Potassium fertilizer should not be applied in the later stage of crops. Potassium has the characteristic of being able to be transferred from the base stems and leaves of crops to the top tender parts for reuse, so potassium deficiency occurs later than nitrogen and phosphorus. Therefore, potassium fertilizer should be applied in advance during the early stages of crop production or as a one-time base fertilizer.

9. Chlorine containing fertilizers should not be applied alone for a long time, and should be avoided from being applied to chlorine sensitive crops. Long term application of potassium chloride alone can increase the accumulation of chloride ions in the soil, leading to the destruction of soil nutrient structure and soil acidification. Applying chlorine free crops such as sugarcane, sugar beets, watermelons, and tobacco can reduce their quality and quality.

10. Nitrogen containing compound fertilizers should not be used in large quantities for leguminous crops. There are nitrogen fixing rhizobia near the roots of soybean, peanut, mung bean, broad bean, pea, alfalfa and other crops. If a large amount of nitrogen-containing compound fertilizer is applied, it not only causes fertilizer waste, but also inhibits the activity of rhizobia and reduces their nitrogen fixation performance.

2、 How to use farm manure correctly

(1) Compost: A fertilizer made from accumulated weeds and garbage, which can be used according to local conditions and combined with spring and autumn plowing as base fertilizer.

(2) Green manure: used as base or top fertilizer for leguminous crops, utilizing the nitrogen fixation effect of rhizobia to improve soil fertility.

(3) Sheep manure: a thermal fertilizer, suitable for mixed application with pig manure, suitable for cool soil and shady slopes.

(4) Pig manure: It has a high content of organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Mature pig manure can be applied to various soils, especially suitable for well drained hot water soils.

(5) Horse manure: It has a high content of organic matter, nitrogen, and cellulose, and contains high-temperature fiber decomposing bacteria. It ferments quickly in the accumulation and has high heat content. It is suitable for moist and sticky soils, shady slopes, and soils with severe compaction.

(6) Cow manure: It is a typical cooling fertilizer. By drying cow manure and adding 3-5% wood ash, phosphate mineral powder, or horse manure for stacking, it can accelerate the decomposition of cow manure, improve fertilizer efficiency. It can be used in combination with thermal fertilizers or applied to sandy soil and sunny slopes.

(7) Human manure and urine: After fermentation and decomposition, it can be used directly or mixed with soil to make large manure soil for topdressing.

(8) Poultry fertilizer: high nutrient content, can be used as seed fertilizer and topdressing, suitable for vegetables.

3、 Why do fecal organic fertilizers need to be fully decomposed before application

Untreated fecal organic fertilizers carry a large number of pathogenic microorganisms and parasitic roundworm eggs

After being applied to farmland, some of it adheres to crops and causes direct pollution, while others enter the soil and cause indirect pollution. In addition, unfermented fecal organic fertilizers applied to the soil must undergo fermentation before they can be absorbed and selected by crops. On the one hand, high temperatures can cause seedling burning, and on the other hand, ammonia gas can be released, leading to poor plant growth. Therefore, when applying fecal organic fertilizers, they must be fully decomposed.

4、 What issues should be noted when applying organic fertilizers

(1) The nutrients contained in organic fertilizers are not comprehensive. Organic fertilizers contain a variety of nutrients, which is an advantage compared to single nutrient fertilizers. However, the nutrients they contain are not balanced and cannot meet the needs of high yield and high quality crops.

(2) Organic fertilizers decompose slowly and have a later fertilizer effect. Although organic fertilizer contains a full range of nutrients, its content is relatively low and it decomposes slowly in the soil. Without a large amount of organic fertilizer, it is difficult to meet the nutritional needs of crops.

(3) Organic fertilizers need to undergo fermentation treatment. Many organic fertilizers carry bacteria, insect eggs, and weed seeds. Some organic fertilizers contain organic compounds that are not conducive to crop growth, so they should be fermented and processed before application. Raw manure cannot be placed on the ground.

(4) Taboos on the use of organic fertilizers. Mature organic fertilizers should not be mixed with alkaline fertilizers and nitrate nitrogen fertilizers.

5、 How to distinguish between bio organic fertilizer and organic fertilizer

(1) Visual identification. Under the action of beneficial microorganisms, bio organic fertilizers are fully fermented and decomposed, with a brown or black brown appearance and a relatively simple color; However, other organic fertilizers have different colors due to different production operations. For example, refined organic fertilizers use the original color of feces, while farm manure is piled up in the open air with significant color changes.

(2) Soak in water and smell. Put different organic fertilizers separately in cups filled with water. Refined organic fertilizers and farmyard fertilizers emit a strong odor due to fermentation or incomplete fermentation, while bio organic fertilizers do not experience this phenomenon.

6、 What are the application methods of compound fertilizers? The main application methods of compound fertilizers are as follows

(1) Apply base fertilizer: Before sowing, when preparing the soil, sprinkle it on the surface and flip it to the bottom of the plow, usually 10-20 centimeters below the plow layer.

(2) When applying seed fertilizer, it is important to pay attention to separating the seed and fertilizer by 8-10 centimeters.

(3) Used for flushing fertilization: In the later stage of crop growth, the fertilizer is dissolved and combined with watering for optimal flushing effect.

(4) Used as foliar fertilizer: After dissolving the compound fertilizer in proportion, take the supernatant and spray it on the front and back of the leaves after 4 pm. It can be absorbed within 24 hours and sprayed every 5-7 days for quick results.

7、 What issues should be paid attention to when applying fertilizer mixtures

(1) After mixing fertilizers, their physical properties cannot deteriorate in order to facilitate application.

(2) The nutrients in the mixed fertilizer cannot be lost.

(3) If there is a significant difference in the particle size of fertilizers during mixing, resulting in uneven distribution of nutrients during storage, transportation, and fertilization, then mixing is not possible.

(4) After mixing fertilizers, it should be beneficial to improve fertilizer efficiency and work efficiency.

8、 What are the functions of microbial fertilizers

(1) Through the life activities of these beneficial microorganisms, the molecular nitrogen that cannot be utilized in the air is fixed and transformed into compound nitrogen, and the compound phosphorus and potassium that cannot be utilized in the soil are decomposed into usable phosphorus and potassium. More than 10 types of medium and trace elements in the soil can also be decomposed.

(2) Through the life activities of these beneficial microorganisms, plant hormones such as auxin, cytokinin, gibberellin, indole-3-acetic acid are secreted to promote crop growth, regulate crop metabolism, and construct high-quality products according to the genetic code.

(3) Through the proliferation of beneficial microorganisms in the rhizosphere, a large amount of polysaccharides are produced, which combine with plant secreted mucus, mineral colloids, and organic colloids to form soil aggregates, enhancing soil fertility and water retention capacity. Good quality microbial fertilizers can promote crop growth, improve soil structure, enhance crop product quality, and improve crop disease and disease resistance, thereby achieving increased yield and income.

9、 What issues should be noted when promoting the use of microbial fertilizers

(1) Microbial fertilizers without registration certificates cannot be promoted.

(2) Do not use microbial fertilizers that do not meet the standard for effective bacterial count.

(3) Microbial fertilizers stored beyond their expiration date should not be used.

(4) The storage conditions and usage methods must be strictly in accordance with regulations.

10、 What issues should be noted when foliar spraying urea

(1) Do not spray in hot weather or before rain to avoid burning seedlings or losing fertilizer. It is advisable to spray in the morning or afternoon every day, and then spray again every 7-10 days.

(2) When spraying cereal crops or crops with smooth leaves, 0.1% adhesive (such as laundry detergent, detergent) should be added. Otherwise, the effect will not be good.

(3) The content of urea used for spraying should not exceed 0.5%, as high content can easily damage the leaves.

(4) The concentration of urea solution required for spraying varies depending on the type of crop. Generally, cereal crops require a spraying concentration of 1.5-2%, and the concentration should be lower during the flowering period. The spraying concentration for leafy vegetables and cucumbers is 1-1.5%. It is advisable to use 0.5% for fruit trees such as apples, pears, and grapes. Tomatoes should be consumed at a rate of 0.3%.

11、 What issues should be paid attention to when applying fertilizers and farmyard manure in combination

(1) Application time. Farm manure has a slow effect and should be applied early, usually with a one-time bottom application before sowing; However, chemical fertilizers are used sparingly and have a quick effect. Generally, they should be applied about 7 days before the peak period of crop nutrient absorption.

(2) Application method. Farm manure should be combined with deep plowing and applied to the soil layer, or combined with ridge formation and application to the bottom of the ridges. A nitrogen fertilizer combined with farmyard manure, with 30% used as base fertilizer and 70% used as topdressing. Apply phosphate and potassium fertilizers as base fertilizers in one go.

(3) Application quantity. The amount of fertilizer used in combination with farmyard manure can vary depending on the crop and soil fertility. For example, when planting corn on barren land, 4 cubic meters of farmyard manure, 24 kilograms of urea, 13 kilograms of phosphorus fertilizer, or 13 kilograms of 15:15:15 compound fertilizer can be applied per mu. Medium fertility soil can be treated with 3 cubic meters of farmyard manure, 20 kilograms of urea, or 12 kilograms of 15:15:15 compound fertilizer. High fertility soil can be treated with 2.5 cubic meters of farmyard manure and 15 kilograms of urea. Urea is more effective when used for topdressing. Base fertilizer is preferred for compound fertilizers.

12、 How to apply base fertilizer for better results

From the perspective of fertilizer usage, the specific amount of various fertilizers used as base fertilizer can be determined by referring to the results of local field fertilizer efficiency experiments over many years and comprehensive factors such as target yield. Generally, about 30% of the total nitrogen fertilizer usage on high fertility soils is used as base fertilizer, while 50% to 70% of nitrogen fertilizer is used as base fertilizer on medium and low fertility soils. Phosphorus, potassium fertilizer, and micro fertilizer should be applied all at once as much as possible. From the perspective of fertilizer varieties, carbon ammonium in nitrogen fertilizer, calcium superphosphate, diammonium phosphate, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, three materials in phosphorus fertilizer, potassium chloride, potassium sulfate, plant ash in potassium fertilizer, zinc fertilizer, manganese fertilizer in micro fertilizer, etc. are all suitable as base fertilizers. In terms of depth, generally the bottom fertilizer should be applied to the entire plow layer, that is, to a depth of 15-20 centimeters.

For organic fertilizers, nitrogen fertilizers, potassium fertilizers, and micro fertilizers, they can be mixed and evenly spread on the surface, and then plowed into the soil to achieve even mixing of fertilizers with the entire cultivated layer of soil. Due to poor mobility, phosphate fertilizer should be applied in two layers at the bottom, with the lower layer applied to a depth of 15-20 centimeters and the upper layer applied to a depth of about 5 centimeters.